Where to start when treating COPD?

Treating pulmonary hypertension in COPD: where do we start?

E ndothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitors and prostanoids are effective treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a severe but relatively rare form of pulmonary hypertension [1–3]. Other forms of pulmonary hypertension as seen, for instance, in chronic lung disease are much more common than PAH and although usually less severe, they are clinically meanin...

when to start dialysis in elderly patients

When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy

The question of when to start combination antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naïve patients has always been controversial. This is particularly true in the current era, with major guidelines recommending very different treatment strategies. Despite a lack of clarity regarding the optimal time to begin therapy, there has been a recent shift toward earlier initiation. This more aggressive appro...

When Regions Start to Move

In this paper, we discuss a formalism for modeling regions that are exposed to movement or deformation. The basis of our formalism is the RCC theory, which uses topological relations between regions to reason about them. By using fuzzy set theory and the notion of conceptual neighbors, we are able to deal with regions that can move or change over time. In addition, we introduce an algorithm for...

When to start antiretroviral therapy?

The optimal time to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals remains uncertain. Although current ART regimens are effective in suppressing viremia and enhancing immune function and are increasingly convenient and well tolerated, ongoing concerns remain about adherence, drug-related toxicities, drug resistance, and cost. Although few clinical...